Bibliographic References

The Bibliographic references related to the urban metabolism, sustainable resources management and also environmental history, the MEMO project used were the following:

• Allier, J. M & Schulpmann K., 1991. La ecologia y la economía. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
• Barles, S. 2007b Feeding the City : Food Consumption and Circulation of Nitrogen, Paris, 1801-1914 », The Science of the Total Environment (375), p. 48-58.
• Barles, S. 2007a. Urban metabolism and river systems: an historical perspective. Paris and the Seine, 1790-1970, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, special issue Man and river systems: Long-term interactions between societies and nature in regional scale watersheds, p. 1757-1769.
• Barles, S. 2009 Urban Metabolism of Paris and its Region, Journal of Industrial Ecology 13(6), 2009, p. 898-913.
• Barles, S. 2010. Society, Energy and Materials: What are the Contributions of Industrial Ecology, Territorial Ecology and Urban Metabolism to Sustainable Urban Development Issues?, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 53(4), 2010, p. 439-455.
• Barles, S., Lestel, L. 2007 The nitrogen question: Urbanisation, industrialisation and river quality in Paris (France), 1830-1939, Journal of Urban History 33(5), p. 794-812.
• Billen, G., et al., eds., 2008. The food-print of Paris: long term reconstruction of the nitrogen flows imported into the city from its rural hinterland. Regional environmental change, 8.
• Billen, G., Barles, S., Chatzimpiros, P., Garnier, J., 2011 Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from? Localising Paris food supply areas from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century , Regional Environmental Change
• Billen, G., Garnier, J., Thieu, V., Silvestre, M., Barles, S., Chatzimpiros, P., 2012 Localising the nitrogen imprint of the Paris food supply : the potential of organic farming and changes in human diet, Biogeosciences 9, p. 607-616 Gandy, M. 2004. Rethinking urban metabolism: water, space and the modern city. City, 8(3): 363-379.
• Geddes, P, 1915. Cities in evolution: an introduction to The Town Planning Movement and to The Study of Civics. London: William & Norgate.
• Karrholm, M., 2011, The Scaling of Sustainable Urban Form. A case of Scale- Related Issues and Sustainable Planning in Malmõ. European Planning Studies, 19: 1, 97-112.
• Kennedy, C., Pincetl, P. and Bunje, P. 2011. The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution 159:1965-1973.
• KIM, E., BARLES, S. 2012 The energy consumption of Paris and its supply areas from 18th century to present, Regional Environmental Change
• Naredo, J. M. & Valero, A. (Eds.) (1999) Desarrollo Económico Y Deterioro Ecológico, Madrid, Fundación Argentaria – Viso
• Niza, S., Rosado, L., Ferrão, P., 2009. Urban metabolism: methodological advances in urban material flow accounting based on the Lisbon case. Journal of Industrial Ecology 13 (3), 384-405.
• Minx, J., Creutzig, F., Medinger, V., Ziegler, T., Owen, A. and Baiocchi, G. 2010. Developing a pragmatic approach to assess Urban Metabolism in Europe – A Report to the European Environment Agency. Stockholm Environment Institute & Technische Universitat Berlin.
• Swaney, D.P., Santoro, R.L., Howarth, R.W., Hong, B and Donaghy, K.P 2011 Historical changes in the food and water supply systems of the New York City Metropolitan Area. Regional Environmental Change. DOI 10.1007/s10113-011-0266-1
• Udo de Haes, Helias A., Ester van der Voet and René Kleijn (1997), ‘Substance flow analysis (SFA), an analytical tool for integrated chain management’, in Stefan Bringezu, Marina Fischer- Kowalski, René Kleijn, Viveka Palm (eds), Regional and National Material Flow Accounting: From Paradigm to Practice of Sustainability, Proceedings of the ConAccount Workshop January 21-23, 1997, Wuppertal Special 4, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• Cuchí, A., Marat-Mendes, T; Albareda, E., et al. 2008 Informe previo a la actuación urbanística en las Branas de Sar en Santiago de Compostela, San’de Compostela: Consorcio de Santiago.
• Cuchí, A., Marat-Mendes, T., Mourão, J. (2010) ‘Urban Material Analysis and Sustainability: a new methodological approach towards urban planning’, in Pinho, P. and Oliveira, V. (eds.) Planning in Times of Uncertainty. Porto: FEUP -CITTA. P.109 – 122. ISBN: 978-972-752-125-8.
• Marat-Mendes, T. (2002) The Sustainable Urban Form. A comparative study in Lisbon, Barcelona and Edinburgh. Unpublished PhD Thesis. The University of Nottingham. UK.
• Marat-Mendes, T. 2004 Dimensioning the Sustainable Urban Fabric, in Babalis, D. (ed.) Ecological Design for an effective Urban Regeneration, Firenze: Firenze University Press, pp. 27-40. ISBN 88-8453-179-9.
• Marat-Mendes, T. 2010 A Paisagem Cultural da Região de Lisboa. A gestão da água nas quintas oitocentistas e o ordenamento sustentado do território suburbano de Lisboa, in CASTRIOTA, L. B (ed.) Paisagem cultural e sustentabilidade. Belo Horizonte: UFMG / IEDS. pp.69-81. ISBN: 9788570417862.
• Marat-Mendes, T. 2011 The morphological and environmental anatomy of Lisbon Territory: Lessons for a Sustainable Urban Agenda. Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios. N° 22 Junho, pp. 33-40, ISSN: 2182-3030/ERC: 123787/2011
• Marat-Mendes, T., Cabrita, M.A. 2008. The Morphological aspects of the construction of the territory: Urban Form vs. Cultural Identity in the county of Cascais’, Proceedings of the 15th International Seminar on Urban Form – ISUF2008: Landscape and Urban Form, 21-23 November 2008, Artimino, Italy.
• Marat-Mendes, T., Cabrita, M. A. 2009. The Built Environment of Lisbon region: Key lessons for the reading of its morphological anatomy and questions on new uses. The International Symposium on ‘Revitalizing Built Environments: Re-qualifying Old Places For New Uses’ – International Symposium Jointly Organized by IAPS-CSBE – ‘CULTURE&SPACE IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT NETWORK and the IAPS – HOUSING NETWORK. Istanbul, Turkey, 12 to 16 October 2009. ISSBN 978-975-561-359-8.
• Marat-Mendes, Teresa; Albareda, Elena. 2010. Agua, Patrimonio y Territorio: un modelo sostenible para la revitalización y rehabilitación de barrios, Trabalho apresentado em International Sustainable Building Regional Conference SB10mad, In Proceedings of the International Sustainable Building Regional Conference SB10mad, Madrid
• Marat-Mendes, T., Sampayo, M. and Rodrigues, D. 2011. Measuring Lisbon Patterns: “Baixa” from 1650 to 2010, Nexus Network Journal. 1. (3) 351-372, ISSN: 15905896. DOI: 10.1007/s00004-011-0079-z.
• Scoffham, E., Marat-Mendes, T. 2000 The Ground Rules of Sustainable Urban Form, in Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks (ed.) Achieving Sustainable Urban Form. Oxford; FN Spon, pp. 97-106. ISBN 0-419-24450-6.
• Behrens, A., Giljum, S., Kovanda, J., Niza S. (2007) The Material Basis of the Global Economy. Worldwide Patterns in Natural Resource Extraction and their Implications for Sustainable Resource Use Policies. Ecological Economics, 64: 444 – 453.
• Niza, S., Rosado, R., Ferrão, P. 2009. Urban Metabolism: Methodological advances in Urban Material Flow Accounting based on the Lisbon case study. Journal of Industrial Ecology 13(3): 384-405.
• Marat-Mendes, T., Sampayo, M. and Rodrigues, D., (2011) Measuring Lisbon Patterns: “Baixa” from 1650 to 2010, Nexus Network Journal. 1. (3) 351-372, ISSN: 15905896. DOI: 10.1007/s00004-011-0079-z.
• Marat-Mendes, T (2011) The morphological and environmental anatomy of Lisbon Territory: Lessons for a Sustainable Urban Agenda. Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios. N° 22 Junho, pp. 33-40, ISSN: 2182-3030/ERC: 123787/2011
• Barles, S. (2007) Feeding the City : Food Consumption and Circulation of Nitrogen, Paris, 1801-1914. The Science of the Total Environment (375), p. 48-58.
• Rosado, L., Niza, S., Ferrão, P. (2014), An urban material flow accounting case study of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area using the Urban Metabolism Analyst method. Journal of Industrial Ecology.
• Marteleira, R., Pinto, G., Niza, S., (2014), Regional Water Flows – Assessing opportunities for sustainable management.
• Niza, S., Rosado, L., Ferrão, P. (2009), Methodological Advances in Urban MFA based on Lisbon Case Study.
• Niza, S., Ferrão, P. (2006), A transitional economy’s metabolism: The case of Portugal.
• Patricio, J., Costa, I., Niza, S. (2013), Urban material cycle closing – Assessment of industrial waste management in Lisbon Region (Submited).

The previous list provides a very useful insight of concepts and processes that were used in MEMO project, namely urban metabolism, biomass production, food consumption, nitrogen food and feed fluxes, disruption of bio-geo-chemical cycles, etc.

Since the project has been running for some time we have also some articles on our own namely:

Conference papers:

• Niza, S., Ferreira, D., Marat-Mendes, T., Mourão J., D’Almeida, P. – The metabolic behaviour of Lisbon district from the pre-industrial period to the present in EUAH conference;

• Marat-Mendes, T., D’Almeida, P., Mourão J., Niza, S., Ferreira, D. – Mapping Lisbon Agriculture (1898-1911) in EUAH conference;

Papers:

• Marat-Mendes, T., Mourão, J., D’Almeida, P., Niza, S., Ferreira, D. (2014) – Água dá, água leva (What water takes, water gives) in Revista Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios

Abstract of MEMO

As cities grow, available food and water supplies can become limiting, but as the boundaries of the food and water supply regions expand due to increased trade and improvements in transportation, these constraints can be overcome and supplanted with others (Swaney et al., 2011). In the modern global economy, international supply chains are increasingly sourcing products from all over the world. This has increased the diversity of goods and services available to the consumer, but also the potential environmental damage.

The interest in urban metabolism research lies the assumption that, like organisms, cities have distinct metabolisms, i.e. the size and type of metabolic flows of an urban area is influenced by its land-use patterns (or the spatial configuration of cities’ elements), land-use intensity, population density etc. The city size and urban form, as well as the relationship with its environment, and corresponding demand for resources determines (i) the area required to provide water and nutrients to its inhabitants but also, (ii) the area required to retain the city waste, and therefore to ensure the closing of the materials cycle if such sustainable metabolism operates (Cuchí, Marat-Mendes, Mourão, 2010). But, if we are to understand the evolution of urban systems and interactions between society and nature, we must take into account the role of local history and that of the history of techniques – and more generally the history of the environment (Barles, 2007a).

Changes in both environmental sources and sinks affect the ability of the environment to provide life-supporting services such as nutrient cycling, water purification or biological productivity or a viable climate. Current resource state and sink capacity not only influence nowadays ecological functions but will have also impact on its future functioning (Minx et al., 2010). However this link between economy and ecology in the urban context is scarcely investigated. Like natural ecosystems, the urban subsystem is dynamic not stationary, so the status of the demand actors and the associated resource flows are constantly changing. A more precise study of the urban metabolism, focusing on the long term, describes better this behaviour, especially if the quantification of the volumes of matter in play – which constitute the most tangible link between societies and nature, cities and rivers – is accompanied by an analysis of the priorities that guided decision makers for instance in supplying the water and removing the urban wastes that generated these volumes. The analyses must consider the spatial and the territorial contexts, as well as what Barles (2010) designates the agriculture – industry – city triptych.

Additionally, if we want research urban sustainability to inform us on how to build better urban environments, we need to think of the urban form as a tool for integrating issues and problems that were formerly specialized or sub-optimized, counteracting splintering urbanism. To do that, two foundational issues of such an effort would be: (i) a multi-scalar approach that does not handle scale as a pre-given entity (Karrholm, 2011), and (ii) to recover urban form as a tool to assess the environmental pressures of our cities and urban environments, as advanced by Geddes (1915) but also defended by economists as Allier and Schlupmann (1991) and geographers like Naredo & Valero(1999).

The main objective of the current project is to develop a comparative analysis of the metabolic behavior of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in different historical periods (from pre-industrial period to the present) and therefore assess the behavior of urban form (generically) to the metabolic system in use in its own historical period under review. Additionally it is intended to identify elements of urban form in particular historical moments that were determinant to transform material and water flows in the city.

The city urban structure will be assessed based on methodologies provided by

(i) urban Material Flow Accounting research (Niza et al., 2009, Barles, 2009),

ii) substance flow accounting (Barles, 2007b) and

(iii) assessment of the morphological evolution of the urban form (Marat-Mendes, 2010).

Such assessment of the evolution of urban metabolism aims to evaluate drivers and successful responses to transform the current metabolism promoting a more sustainable urban environment.

The area at stake has been a case-study in the aim of other urban metabolism-related projects developed by the team members like the ResiSt (PTDC/SEN-ENR/103044/2008), the MeSur (PTDC/SEN-ENR/111710/2009) and the IntegerSum (PTDC/SEN-ENR/121747/2010), allowing for synergies concerning data and results. Also, team members researched historical and morphological aspects of the area, including: (i) analysis of the relationship between the cultural identity of Saloia Region and its intrinsic morphological patterns (Marat-Mendes & Cabrita, 2008); (ii) the twentieth century urban transformation of Lisbon (Marat-Mendes, 2010; Marat-Mendes, Sampaio & Rodrigues, 2011); (iii) the relationship between water and the urban morphological patterns of Lisbon landscape (Marat-Mendes, 2011; Chuchí, Marat-Mendes & Mourão, 2010). Additionally, members have developed morphological analysis of Portuguese cities (P0CI/HEC/60004/2004) including the analysis of Portuguese typological elements of urban form (PTDC/GE0/75081/2006).